[1] “Iraq Is Becoming Bush’s Most Difficult Challenge,” Chicago Tribune, Aug. 11, 2002. Kissinger was commenting on Bush’s West Point address where the NSS was presented in outline. Sources in afterword are omitted below when they appear in the text.

[2] Pew Research Center, “A Year After Iraq War Mistrust of America in Europe Ever Higher, Muslim Anger Persists,” March 16, 2004. Council on Hemispheric Affairs, Washington Report on the Hemisphere, Dec. 9, 2003.

[3] Gerges quoted by Howard LaFranchi, “Feeling Under Attack, Arabs Turn to Islam for Answers,” Christian Science Monitor, Nov. 3, 2003. Jessica Stern, “How America Created a Terrorist Haven,” NYT op. ed., Aug. 20, 2003; “The Protean Enemy,” Foreign Affairs, July-Aug. 2003. Scott Atran, “What’s Worse than Al Qaeda? Swarms of Individual Terrorist Cells Around the World,” NYT Op-Ed, March 16, 2004; Atran, “Combating Al Qaeda’s Splinters,” Washington Quarterly, Summer 2004. Among many other reports, see Mark Mathews, “Iraq War Providing a Boost to al-Qaida,” Baltimore Sun, Nov. 22, 2003, quoting an array of terrorism specialists; Raymond Bonner and Don van Natta, Jr., “Regional Terrorist Groups Pose Growing Threats, Experts Warn,” NYT, Feb. 8, 2004; Walter Pincus, “Spread of Bin Laden Ideology Cited,” Washington Post, April 4, 2004.

[4] Among many others, see Selig Harrison, “N. Korean ‘Good Guys’ Require U.S. Assistance,” USA Today, Jan. 7, 2004. Graham Allison, “How to Stop Nuclear Terror,” Foreign Affairs, Jan-Feb 2004. Morton Halperin, “Safe at Home,” American Prospect, Nov. 2003.

[5] Gerges, “A Change of Arab Hearts and Minds,” Christian Science Monitor, Feb. 4, 2004. Hiro, Secrets and Lies: Operation “Iraqi Freedom” and After: A Prelude to the Fall of U.S. Power in the Middle East? (NationBooks, 2004).

[6] Program on International Policy Attitudes, “7 in 10 Now Say UN Should Take Lead,” Dec. 3, 2003; “Americans on America’s Role in the World After the Iraq War,” April 29, 2003. For summary of PIPA and other studies on misperceptions, and their correlation with support for war and with news sources, see Steven Kull, Clay Ramsay, and Evan Lewis, “Misperceptions, the Media, and the Iraq War,” Political Science Quarterly 118.4 (Dec. 2003).

[7] Ron Hutcheson, “Bush, Putin Disagree on Iraq, Iran,” Knight-Ridder, Boston Globe, Sept. 28, 2003.

[8] Richard Stevenson, “White House Cites Iraq’s History of Seeking Arms as a Reason for War,” NYT, Jan. 30, 2004, reporting Rice’s claim that Saddam was harboring and funding terrorists.

[9] Burke, Al-Qaeda (I.B. Tauris, 2003).

[10] Nuclear physicist Pervez Hoodbhoy, “Pakistan Inside the Nuclear Closet,” March 3, 2004, www.opendemocracy.net; “The Nuclear Noose Around Pakistan’s Neck,” Washington Post, Feb. 1, 2004. Tim Weiner, “U.S. And China Helped Pakistan Build Its Bomb,” NYT, June 1, 1998.

[11] See also Steve Coll, Ghost Wars (Penguin, 2004), 412, on how the missile strikes were bin Laden’s “biggest publicity payoff to date.”

[12] Gordon Wood, “ ‘Freedom Just Around the Corner’: Rogue Nation,” NYT Book Review, March 28, 2004. He writes that the book reviewed courageously tells the truth about ‘‘who and why we are what we are,’’ revealing the unpleasant side of the “rogue nation”: a penchant for swindling. To deflect irrelevancies, the issue is not comparison of monstrous crimes, each unique in its horror, but the downgrading of numbers by a factor of 10.

[13] See, chap. 2 above. Philip Jones Griffiths, Agent Orange (Trolley Ltd London, 2003).

[14] Sachs, “The World Must Not Let America Set Its Agenda,” Financial Times, Oct. 15, 2003. On the role of the international financial institutions in preparing the ground for the Rwanda genocide, see Brooke Schoepf, Claude Schoepf, and Joyce Millen, “Theoretical Therapies, Remote Remedies: SAPs and the Political Ecology of Poverty and Health in Africa,” in Jim Yong Kim, Joyce Millen, Alec Irwin, and John Gershman, Dying for Growth: Global Inequality and the Health of the Poor (Partners in Health/Common Courage, 2000). The massacres had precursors in Burundi that were also ignored. See Chomsky and Edward Herman, Political Economy of Human Rights, vol. 1 (South End, 1979). There is a critically important colonial role as well, along with intervention by the Western powers leading up to the massacre.

[15] Amira Hass, “Words Have Failed Us,” Ha’aretz, March 3, 2004. As she and others report regularly, deaths are only a fraction of the misery of those crushed under the US-Israeli jackboot, and deaths are significantly understated: they do not, for example, include the premature twins who died because car bringing their mother to a hospital, and an ambulance, were blocked by the army, not permitted to pass a checkpoint set up not for security, but to protect settlers from the annoyance of seeing Arabs on a stretch of road near their illegal settlement. Gideon Levy, “And the Twins Died,” Ha’aretz, Jan. 8 , 2004. And many similar cases.

[16] Robert Schlesinger, “British Group Puts Iraq Casualty toll at 21,700 to 55,000,” Boston Globe, Nov. 12, 2003. BBC, Nov. 11, 2003. Medact, Continuing Collateral Damage: The Health and Environmental Costs of War on Iraq (2003), http://www.medact.org/tbx/docs/Coll%20Dam%202.pdf

[17] Burke, Al-Qaeda, 239, 249. See chap. 8 above.

[18] Akiva Eldar, “Killing Yassin Saved Sharon,” Ha’aretz, March 23, 2004. Palestinian Center for Human Rights, March 22, 2004, reporting seven civilians killed along with Yassin.

[19] Agence France-Presse, “Unknown Group Claims Responsibility for Fallujah Killings,” April 1, 2004; United Press International, April 2, 2004. Jeffrey Gettleman, “War’s Full Fury Is Suddenly Everywhere,” NYT, April 11, 2004. The highly significant connection, known at once, was virtually ignored.

[20] Symposium, “Saudi Arabia, Enemy or Friend,” Middle East Policy, Spring 2004.

[21] Burke, Al-Qaeda, 247ff.

[22] Kim Murphy, “Russia Flexes Muscles With Missile Testing,” Los Angeles Times, Feb. 17, 2004; “Russians Seen Seeking Missile Breakthrough,” Boston Globe, Feb. 19, 2004. David Holley, “New Nuclear Arms and Alliance Expansion May Lead to Tougher Policy by Moscow, Official Says,” Los Angeles Times, March 26, 2004. Vladimir Isachenkov, “Russia Deploys Strategic Missiles,” Associated Press, Boston Globe, Dec. 23, 2003. Blair, “Rogue States: Nuclear Red Herrings,” Defense Monitor, Jan.-Feb. 2004. Mark Odell, “Warfare Propelled to New Era as Flight Goes Hypersonic,” Financial Times, March 30, 2004.

[23] Anna Dolgov, “Russian Exercises Flex Military Muscle,” Boston Globe, Feb. 21, 2004. Sergei Blagov, “Russia’s War Games Demonstrating ‘Nuclear Fist’?”, Asia Times, Feb 19, 2004.

[24] Bruce Finley, “Russia Shares 1st-Strike Doctrine,” Denver Post, Oct. 10, 2003.

[25] Blair, “Rogue States.” See Chalmers Johnson, The Sorrows of Empire (Metropolitan, 2004), 288, citing Pentagon review of computer failure that revealed “the ease with which adversaries could hack into, jam, or deceive our cyberwarfare technology.” On the history of near disasters, see Marko Beljac, “ ‘Global Attack’: Washington’s Doomsday Machine,” Infoshop.org, October 19, 2002 (www.infoshop.org/inews/stories.php?story=02/10/19/1757783).

[26] Janne Nolan, “Measuring the Unthinkable,” Science, March 19, 2004, review of Lynn Eden, Whole World on Fire (Cornell, 2004).

[27] James Glanz, “Pointed Questions on Missile Defense System,” NYT, March 12, 2004.

[28] Hans Kristensen, Matthew McKinzie, and Robert Norris, “The Protection Paradox,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March-April 2004.

[29] “Israel’s Security Chiefs Welcome Arrival of New F-16I Jets,” Ha’aretz and Reuters, Feb. 19, 2004; Alon ben-David, “Israel’s F-16I Fighters to Go Down a Storm,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, Nov. 19, 2003. The aircraft is named “storm” (“soufa”). Ha’aretz (Hebrew), Feb. 10, 2004.

[30] Air Force Space Command, Strategic Master Plan FY04 and Beyond, Nov. 5, 2002; italics in original. See chap. 9 above for further discussion.

[31] Lawyers’ Committee on Nuclear Policy, December 9, 2003, www.reachingcriticalwill.org. M2 PRESSWIRE, November 4, 2003. On India’s emerging role in close alliance with the United States and its regional clients, particularly Israel, see Sushil Aaron, Straddling Faultlines: India’s Foreign Policy toward the Greater Middle East, CHS Occasional Paper #7 (New Delhi: Centre de Sciences Humaines, 2003). On the religious fundamentalist roots of the ruling party, a severe and growing menace to India and the region, see “Hindutva at Work,” Frontline, March 13-26, 2004. Also sources cited in chap. 7 above. On the origins of Hindu religious nationalism, its roots in British colonial fabrications designed to depict British conquest as liberation of Hindus from Muslim rule, and its support in the wealthy Indian diaspora, see Romila Thapar, “The Future of the Indian Past,” Lakdawala Memorial Lecture, Feb. 21, 2004 (New Delhi, Institute of Social Sciences). On the ruling party’s role in cover-up of the state-supported Gujarat massacre of thousands of Muslims, see Human Rights Watch, The Compounding Injustice: Government’s Failure to Redress Massacres in Gujarat, July 2003.

[32] Stephen Zunes, “U.S. Policy Towards Syria and the Triumph of Neoconservatism,” Middle East Policy, Spring 2004. Johnson, Sorrows of Empire, 306. For a revealing study of the deeper roots in the evolving constitutional system, see legal historian James Wilson, The Imperial Republic (Ashgate, 2002).

[33] Michael Gordon, “Allies Will Move In, Even if Saddam Hussein Moves Out,” NYT, March 18, 2003. See also, the same day, “Bush’s Speech on Iraq: ‘Saddam Hussein and His Sons Must Leave’”-but we will take over anyway.

[34] For a record of false or seriously misleading statements by Bush, Cheney, Powell, Rumsfeld, Rice in the effort to mobilize the country to support their war, see Iraq on the Record: The Bush Administration’s Public Statements on Iraq, House of Representatives, prepared for Rep. Henry Waxman, March 16, 2004.

[35] Dana Milbank, Washington Post, June 1, 2003. Guy Dinmore and James Harding, Financial Times, May 3-4, 2003. Milbank, “President Revises Rationale for War; Bush, Cheney Stress Iraq’s Capabilities,” Washington Post, Feb. 8, 2004. CIA Director George Tenet, “In the Words of the C.I.A. Director: ‘Why Haven’t We Found the Weapons?’,” NYT, Feb. 5, 2004, from a transcript by the Federal News Service. Tenet said “Saddam had the intent and capability,” and that suffices for invasion. Glenn Kessler, “In Hindsight, Still ‘The Right Thing to Do’,” Washington Post Weekly, Feb. 9-15, 2004. Richard Stevenson, “White House Cites Iraq’s History of Seeking Arms as a Reason for War,” NYT, Jan. 30, 2004.

[36] Michael Georgy, “Iraqis Want Saddam’s Old U.S. Friends on Trial,” Reuters, Jan, 20, 2004.

[37] PNAC (Project for The New American Century), 2000, cited by Johnson, Sorrows of Empire, 230, who also reviews the basing system established for world control.

[38] President Bush, “Denial and Deception,” speech at the Cincinnati Museum Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, Oct. 7, 2002. Bush, speech in the National Cathedral, Washington, D.C., Sept. 14, 2001.

[39] Allison, “How to Stop Nuclear Terror,” Foreign Affairs, Jan.-Feb. 2004. Allison writes that the goal was “to topple the Taliban regime,” a conventional view. The available evidence indicates that it was an afterthought, announced after several weeks of bombing. See chap. 8 above, and my Pirates and Emperors, expanded ed. (South End, 2002), chap. 6.

[40] See chaps. 4 and 8 above. For background, see Paul Farmer, The Uses of Haiti, 2nd ed. (Common Courage, 2003). On the shameful and fraudulent “restoration of democracy” in 1994, see my “Democracy Restored,” Z magazine, Nov. 1994. On the predicted descent into chaos, see my Profit over People (Seven Stories, 1999), chap. 4, and New Military Humanism (Common Courage, 1999), and sources cited.

[41] Dana Milbank and Mike Allen, “U.S. Shifts Rhetoric on Its Goals in Iraq,” Washington Post, Aug. 1, 2003. Ignatius, “Paul Wolfowitz, Idealist in Chief,” Washington Post Weekly, Nov. 10-17, 2003; Washington Post, Nov. 2, 2003. “President Bush Discusses Freedom in Iraq and Middle East,” Remarks by the President at the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy, US Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D.C., Nov. 6. 2003.

[42] Thom Shanker, “U.S. Team in Baghdad Fights a Persistent Enemy: Rumors,” NYT, March 23, 2004. Yale professor David Greenberg, “‘Rise of the Vulcans’: From Saigon to Baghdad,” NYT Book Review, March 14, 2004, reviewing James Mann, Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush’s War Cabinet. James Mann, “For Bush, Realpolitik Is No Longer a Dirty Word,” NYT, April 11, 2004. Senior correspondent Michael Steinberger, “Misoverestimated,” American Prospect, April 2004.

[43] Ed Harriman, “On the Thunder Run,” London Review of Books, April 1, 2004.

[44] Ignatius, “Idealist in Chief.” Sebastian Mallaby, “Uneasy Partners,” NYT Book Review, Sept. 21, 1997. Thomas Friedman, NYT, Jan. 12, 1992, quoting a senior administration policymaker. The literature is replete with examples.

[45] “Indonesia’s Suharto Tops ‘Worst Ever’ Corruption Charts,” AFP (London), March 26, 2004.

[46] Tim Shorrock, “Paul Wolfowitz: A Man to Keep a Close Eye On,” Asia Times, March 21, 2001. Scott Burchill, “What the West Wants from Indonesia,” Inside Indonesia, Jan. 2004. Sources are Federal Document Clearing House, Oct. 18, 2002; Interview with Wolfowitz, Nov. 21, 2002, http://www.iraqwatch.org/government/US/Pentagon/dod-wolfowitz-112102.htm.

[47] Shorrock, “Paul Wolfowitz.” Freeman, in Nancy Bernkopf Tucker, China Confidential: American Diplomats and Sino-American Relations, 1945-1996 (Columbia, 2001). Parts at http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB87/.

[48] “Formal end,” because Iraq’s finances remained under external (now US) control, and services may have worsened under the occupation. See Rahul Mahajan, http://www.empirenotes.org/index.html#27mar041.

[49] For more on these crucial matters, see chap. 5 above.

[50] Kenneth Roth, “War in Iraq: Not a Humanitarian Intervention,”, introduction, Human Rights Watch World Report 2004.

[51] Walter Pincus, “Skepticism About U.S. Deep, Iraq Poll Shows: Motive for Invasion Is Focus of Doubts,” Washington Post, Nov. 12, 2003. Richard Burkholder, “Gallup Poll of Baghdad: Gauging U.S. Intent,” Government and Public Affairs, Oct. 28, 2003.

[52] See references in note 38 above.

[53] Tim Weiner, “U.S.-Backed Rightist Claims Victory in Salvador Election,” NYT, March 22, 2004.

[54] Envío (UCA, Jesuit University, Managua), Nov. 2003. See chap. 4 above.

[55] “U.S. Trade Policy,” Science, March 19, 2004. The ban on editing elicited too much ridicule, and may be limited. See “Ban Is Eased on Editing Foreign Work,” NYT, April 5, 2004.

[56] Vivienne Walt and Farah Stockman, “Annan Says Iraq Vote Must Wait,” Boston Globe, Feb. 20, 2004. Robin Wright, “U.S. Has Big Plans for Embassy in Iraq,” Washington Post, Jan. 2, 2004. Neil King and Yochi Dreazan, WSJ, Dec. 31, 2003.

[57] Wright, “Big Plans.” Robert Schlesinger, “US Expects March Deal to Keep Troops in Iraq,” Boston Globe, Nov. 18, 2003.

[58] Oxford Research International (ORI), Dec. 2003. Poll taken at the request of BBC and other international broadcasters. Under the best of circumstances, poll results vary with formulation of questions and other circumstances. That is particularly true for people under military occupation. An extra problem for Iraq can be failure to distinguish communities. For some comments on misleading interpretations of a March 2004 ABC poll for these reasons, see Spencer Ackerman, “Iraq’D,” New Republic, March 19, 2004.

[59] Dilip Hiro, “A Better Army for Iraq,” NYT op-ed, Nov. 16, 2003, reporting an August 2003 Zogby International poll.

[60] ORI poll, Dec. 2003.

[61] Stephen Glain, “Pentagon Said to Favor Prolonged Role for US Forces in Iraq,” Boston Globe, March 6, 2004. Dexter Filkins. “Iraqis Say Deal on U.S. Troops Must Be Put Off,” NYT, Feb. 23, 2004.

[62] Thom Shanker and Eric Schmitt, “Pentagon Expects Long-Term Access to Four Key Bases in Iraq,” NYT, April 20, 2003. Douglas Jehl and David Sanger, “Iraqi’s Bitterness Is Called Bigger Threat Than Terror,” NYT, Sept. 17, 2003.

[63] Steven Weisman, “Bush Team Revising Plans for Granting Self-Rule to Iraqis,” NYT, Jan. 13, 2004. Financial Times, “Time for US to Bring in the UN,” Jan. 19, 2004.

[64] John Burns and Thom Shanker, “U.S. Officials Fashion Legal Basis to Keep Force in Iraq,” NYT, March 26, 2004.

[65] Jeff Madrick, “An Extreme Plan for Iraq,” NYT, Oct. 2, 2003; Alan Beattie and Charles Clover, “Minister Reveals Sweeping Reform of Iraqi Economy, Financial Times, Sept. 22, 2003. For review of Bremer’s orders, see Antonia Juhasz, “Capitalism Gone Wild,” Tikkun, Jan-Feb. 2004. Also Iraqi Minister of Finance Kamel al-Gailani, Press Statement, Sept. 21, 2003.

[66] David Bacon, “United States Arrests Iraqi Labor Leaders,” Dollars and Sense, Jan-Feb 2004; “Looting the Iraqi Economy,” Z magazine, March 2004.

[67] Rajiv Chandrasekaran, “Attacks Force Retreat From Wide-Ranging Plans for Iraq,” Washington Post, Dec. 28, 2003.

[68] George Anders and Susan Warren, “Military Service: For Halliburton, Uncle Sam Brings Lumps, Steady Profits,” WSJ, Jan. 19, 2004.

[69] Peter Steinfels, “Polling People About God,” NYT, Aug. 2, 2003. Ceci Connolly and Claudia Deane, “Legal Drug Imports Favored, Poll Says,” Washington Post, Oct. 20, 2003. Adam Clymer, “The Tangled Politics Behind Rival Plans,” NYT, Oct. 17, 1993. On the history, see my World Orders Old and New, 90ff., and sources cited. See Vicente Navarro, Why the United States Does Not Have a National Health Program (Baywood, 1992); Dangerous to Your Health (Monthly Review, 1993), 73ff.; The Politics of Health Policy (Blackwell, 1994), 210ff. One can only imagine what the figures would be if the topic were not virtually off the public agenda.