Noam Chomsky notes for Hegemony and Survival

Hegemony or Survival: America's Quest for Global Dominance
by Noam Chomsky

Research Notes

NOTES TO CHAPTER 1

Ernst Mayr, “Can SETI Succeed? Not Likely,” Bioastronomy News 7, no. 3 (1995). Online at: http://www.hcc.hawaii.edu/~pine/mayr.htm.

Donald Kennedy, “The Climate Divide,” Science 299, no. 5614 (2003): p. 1813.

Howard LaFranchi, “At the UN, It’s Not Just about Iraq,” Christian Science Monitor, 30 October 2002, p. 1.

Patrick E. Tyler, “A New Power in the Streets,” New York Times, 17 February 2003, sec. A, p. 1.

For sources on Wilsonian idealism and seventeenth century, see my Deterring Democracy (London and New York: Verso, 1991; extended edition, New York: Hill and Wang, 1992), chapter 12, and my Profit over People: Neoliberalism and Global Order (New York: Seven Stories Press, 1999), chapter 2. For a more extensive discussion and contemporary scholarly sources, see my “Consent without Consent: Reflections on the Theory and Practice of Democracy,” Cleveland State Law Review 44, no. 4 (1996): pp. 415–37. Minor changes (punctuation, etc.) are introduced here for ease of reading.

Cited by David S. Foglesong, America’s Secret War against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917–1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), p. 28.

Andrew J. Bacevich, American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003), pp. 200ff.

Michel Crozier, Samuel P. Huntington, and Joji Watanuki, The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission (New York: New York University Press, 1975).

Randal Marlin, Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion (Peterborough, Ont., and Orchard Park, N.Y.: Broadview Press, 2002).

For discussion of this vast disinformation campaign, see my Culture of Terrorism (Boston: South End Press, 1988) and my Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies (Boston: South End Press, 1989), which draw particularly on the important but mostly neglected exposés by Alfonso Chardy of the Miami Herald and later official sources.

On the narrow limits of permitted discussion, see my Necessary Illusions, op. cit. For case studies over a wider range, see Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, updated ed. (New York: Pantheon Books, 2002).

Latin American Documentation, Torture in Latin America (Lima, Peru: LADOC, 1987). Julio Godoy, The Nation 250, no. 9 (5 March 1990): p. 310.

Juan Hernández Pico, Envío (Managua, Nicaragua), March 1994. Journal online at: http://www.envio.org.ni.

NOTES TO CHAPTER 2

White House, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, 17 September 2002. http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.html

G. John Ikenberry, “America’s Imperial Ambition,” Foreign Affairs 81, no. 5

(September–October 2002): pp. 44ff.

On this crucial distinction, see Carl Kaysen et al., War with Iraq: Costs, Consequences, and Alternatives (Cambridge: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Committee on International Security Studies, 2002). Online at: http://www.amacad.org/publications/monographs/ War_with_Iraq.pdf.

Steven R. Weisman, “Pre-emption: Idea with a Lineage Whose Time Has Come,” New York Times, Sunday, 23 March 2003, sec. B, p. 1.

Arthur Schlesinger Jr., “Good Foreign Policy a Casualty of War,” Los Angeles Times, Sunday, 23 March 2003, sec. M, p. 1.

Richard Falk, “Resisting the Global Domination Project,” interview with Zia Mian and Smitu Kothari, Frontline (India) 20, no. 8 (12 April 2003). Online at: http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425004002300.htm.

Michael J. Glennon, “Why the Security Council Failed,” Foreign Affairs 82, no. 3 (May–June 2003): pp. 16ff. (online at: http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20030501faessay11217/michael-j-glennon/why-the-security-council-failed.html), and “The New Interventionism: The Search for a Just International Law,” Foreign Affairs 78, no. 3 (May–June 1999): pp. 2ff.

Dana Milbank, “Bush Remarks Confirm Shift in Justification for War,” Washington Post, 1 June 2003, sec. A, p. 18. Guy Dinmore, James Harding, and Cathy Newman, “Iraqi Arms Finds Not Likely, Says US Official,” Financial Times (London), 3 May 2003, sec. 1, p. 1.

Dean Acheson, Proceedings of the American Society of International Law, nos. 13 and 14 (1963). Abraham D. Sofaer, “The United States and the World Court,” US Department of State, Current Policy, no. 769 (December 1985). Acheson was referring specifically to US economic war, but he surely knew about the international terrorism.

Bill Clinton, address to the United Nations, 27 September 1993. Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen, Report of the Quadrennial Defense Review (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, May 1997), Section III: Defense Strategy. Online at: http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/qdr/sec3.html. See also William S. Cohen, Annual Report to the President and Congress (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1999). Online at: http://www.defenselink.mil/execsec/adr1999/chap1.html.

Memorandum of the War and Peace Studies Project of the Council on Foreign Relations, with State Department participation, 19 October 1940; Laurence H. Shoup and William Minter, Imperial Brain Trust: The Council on Foreign Relations and United States Foreign Policy (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977): pp. 130ff.

See Bacevich, American Empire, op. cit., for unusually strong claims in this regard.

George W. Bush, State of the Union address, transcribed in the New York Times, 29 January 2003, sec. A, p. 12.

Condoleezza Rice, interview by Wolf Blitzer, Late Edition, CNN, 8 September 2002. Online at: http://www.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/09/08/iraq.debate/. Scott Peterson , “In War, Some Facts Less Factual,” Christian Science Monitor, 6 September 2002, World section, p. 1. The 1990 claims, based on alleged satellite images, were investigated by the St. Petersburg (Fla.) Times. Experts who analyzed photos from commercial satellites found nothing. Inquiries were rebuffed, and still are. For independent confirmation, see Peter D. Zimmerman, “The Bush Deceit,” Washington Post, 14 August 2003, sec. A, p. 19.

Christian Science Monitor–TIPP poll: Howard LaFranchi, “For Bush, Rising Bar on Iraq War,” Christian Science Monitor, 14 January 2003, USA section, p. 1. Linda Feldmann, “The Impact of Bush Linking 9/11 and Iraq,” Christian Science Monitor, 14 March 2003, USA section, p. 2. Jim Rutenberg and Robin Toner, “Critics of Iraq War Say Lack of Scrutiny Helped Administration to Press Its Case,” New York Times, 22 March 2003, sec. B, p. 10.

Edward Alden, “Americans Leave ‘Vietnam Syndrome’ Behind to Rally Behind President,” Financial Times (London), 21 March 2003, War in Iraq section, p. 2. Anatol Lieven, “A Trap of Their Own Making,” London Review of Books 25, no. 9 (8 May 2003). Online at: http://www.ceip.org/files/Publications/2003-05-08-lieven-lrb.asp?p=40&from=pubdate

Elisabeth Bumiller, “Cold Truths behind Pomp,” New York Times, 2 May 2003, sec. A, p. 1. “Transcript of President Bush’s Remarks on the End of Major Combat in Iraq,” New York Times, 2 May 2003, sec. A, p. 16.

Jason Burke, “Focus: The Return of Terror,” Observer (London), Sunday, 18 May 2003, p. 17.

News release, Program on International Policy Attitudes (College Park: University of Maryland), 4 June 2003. Online at: http://www.pipa.org/publist.html.

Jeanne Cummings and Greg Hite, “Bush Says War Ending, Looks to ’04,” Wall Street Journal, 2 May 2003, sec. A, p. 4. Francis X. Clines, “Karl Rove’s Campaign Strategy Seems Evident: It’s the Terror, Stupid,” New York Times, 10 May 2003, sec. A, p. 20; Rove’s emphasis.

David E. Sanger and Steven R. Weisman, “Bush’s Aides Envision New Influence in Region,” New York Times, 10 April 2003, sec. B, p. 11. Roger Owen, “War by Example,” Al-Ahram Weekly, 3 April 2003. Online at: http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/632/op57.htm.

“War in Iraq: How the Die Was Cast before Transatlantic Diplomacy Failed,” Comment & Analysis, Financial Times (London), 27 May 2003, p. 15.

International Court of Justice (ICJ), Corfu Channel Case (Merits), judgment of 9 April 1949, p. 35.

See my New Military Humanism: Lessons from Kosovo (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1999).

See my New Generation Draws the Line: Kosovo, East Timor, and the Standards of the West (London and New York: Verso, 2000), pp. 4ff. Statement by Non-Aligned Movement, Kuala Lumpur, 25 February 2003 (BBC World Monitoring, 26 February 2003). Online at: http://www.un.int/malaysia/NAM/STiraq.html.

Aryeh Dayan, “‘One Day in Five, the IDF Attempts Assassination,’” Ha’aretz, 21 May 2003.

Amir Oren, “Who’s the Boss?,” Ha’aretz, 29 November 2002.

Suzanne Nossel, “Battle Hymn of the Democrats,” Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 27, no. 1 (winter–spring 2003): pp. 71–82. Online at: http://fletcher.tufts.edu/forum/Winter%202003/NosselFA.pdf.

Richard Wilson, “A Visit to the Bombed Nuclear Reactor at Tuwaitha, Iraq,” Nature 302, no. 5907 (31 March–6 April 1983): pp. 373–76. Michael Jansen, Middle East International 691 (10 January 2003). Imad Khadduri, Uncritical Mass, memoirs (manuscript), 2003. Scott D. Sagan and Kenneth N. Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), pp. 18–19.

Neely Tucker, “Detainees Seek Access to Courts,” Washington Post, 3 December 2002, sec. A, p. 22. Neil A. Lewis, “Detention Upheld in Combatant Case,” New York Times, 9 January 2003, sec. A, p. 1.

Ed Vulliamy, “Red Cross Denied Access to PoWs,” Observer (London), Sunday, 25 May 2003, p. 20.

See p. 200 of Hegemony or Survival.

Jack M. Balkin, “A Dreadful Act II: Secret Proposals in Ashcroft’s Anti-Terror War Strike Yet Another Blow at Fundamental Rights,” Los Angeles Times, 13 February 2003, sec. B, p. 23. Nat Hentoff, “Revenge of the Patriot Act,” Progressive 67, no. 4 (April 2003): p. 11.

Winston Churchill cited by A.W. Brian Simpson, Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001): p. 55.

Kaysen et al., War with Iraq, op. cit. Michael Krepon, “Dominators Rule,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 59, no. 1 (January–February 2003): pp. 55–60.

John Steinbruner and Jeffrey Lewis, “The Unsettled Legacy of the Cold War,” Daedalus 131, no. 4 (fall 2002): pp. 5–10.

See my Year 501: The Conquest Continues (Boston: South End Press, 1993), chapter 1.

James Morgan, “Rip van Winkle’s New World Order,” Financial Times (London), 25 April 1992, p. 1, referring to G-7, the IMF, GATT, and other institutions of “the new imperial age.” Guy de Jonquières, “Power Elite at Davos Set to Vie with Protesters for Attention,” Financial Times (London), International Economy section, p. 14. Fukuyama cited by Mark Curtis, The Ambiguities of Power: British Foreign Policy since 1945 (London and Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Zed Books, 1995), p. 183.

Bush and Baker cited by Sam Husseini, “Why So Long for Iraq to Comply?,” Counterpunch, 8 March 2003. Online at: http://www.counterpunch.org/husseini03082003.html. Dilip Hiro, Iraq: In the Eye of the Storm (New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press/Nation Books, 2002): pp. 102ff.

Edward C. Luck, “Making the World Safe for Hypocrisy,” New York Times, 22 March 2003, sec. A, p. 11.

Elisabeth Bumiller and Carl Hulse, “Bush Will Use Congress Vote to Press U.N.,” New York Times, 12 October 2002, sec. A, p. 1. Colin Powell cited by Julia Preston, “U.S. Said to Offer France Final Compromise to End Iraq Resolution Impasse,” New York Times, 18 October 2002, sec. A, p. 10. David E. Sanger with Julia Preston, “President Warns Hussein to Heed a Call to Disarm,” New York Times, 8 November 2002, sec. A, p. 1. Andrew Card cited in Doug Saunders, with reports from Associated Press (AP) and Reuters, “Iraq Seen As Likely to Accept Resolution,” Toronto Globe and Mail, 11 November 2002, sec. A, p. 8.

Mark Turner and Roula Khalaf, “Powell ‘Not Lobbying for Second Resolution,’” Financial Times (London), 5 February 2003, p. 9.

David E. Sanger and Warren Hoge, “Bush and 2 Allies Seem Set for War to Depose Hussein,” New York Times, 17 March 2003, sec. A, p. 1. Michael R. Gordon, “Allies Will Move In, Even if Saddam Hussein Moves Out,” New York Times, 18 March 2003, sec. A, p. 16.

“Excerpts from Bush’s News Conference on Iraq and Likelihood of War,” New York Times, 7 March 2003, sec. A, p. 12. Felicity Barringer and David E. Sanger, “U.S. Says Hussein Must Cede Power to Head Off War,” New York Times, 1 March 2003, sec. A, p. 1.

Alison Mitchell and David E. Sanger, “Bush to Put Case for Action in Iraq to Key Lawmakers,” New York Times, 4 September 2002, sec. A, p. 1. Fleischer cited by Christopher Adams and Mark Huband, “US Engineers Draw Another Blank over Suspected Weapons Site,” Financial Times (London), 12 April 2003, War in Iraq section, p. 5. Jack Straw cited by David E. Sanger with Felicity Barringer, “President Readies U.S. for Prospect of Imminent War,” New York Times, 7 March 2003, sec. A, p. 1.

“In Powell’s Words: Saddam Hussein Remains Guilty,” New York Times, 6 March 2003, sec. A, p. 17. Steven R. Weisman, “U.S. Lists 3 Chechen Groups as Terrorist and Freezes Assets,” New York Times, 1 March 2003, sec. A, p. 11.

Condoleezza Rice, “Campaign 2000: Promoting the National Interest,” Foreign Affairs 79, no. 1 (January–February 2000): pp. 45ff., cited by John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen M. Walt, “An Unnecessary War,” Foreign Policy 134 (January–February 2003): pp. 50–59. Online at: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/issue_janfeb_2003/walts.html. Note that 9-11 had no effect on these risk assessments.

Dafna Linzer, AP, “Backers of US Hope for Payoff,” Boston Globe, 24 February 2003.

Guy Dinmore and Mark Turner, “US Uses Economic Muscle to Persuade Waverers to Say Yes,” Financial Times (London), 12 February 2003, p. 6. Jeanne Cummings and Robert Block, “U.S. Bids Against France for Votes in U.N.,” Wall Street Journal, 26 February 2003, sec. A, p. 4.

Geneive Abdo, “US Offers Incentives for Backing on Iraq,” Boston Globe, 13 February 2003, sec. A, p. 1. Eric Lichtblau, “Charity Leader Accepts a Deal in a Terror Case,” New York Times, 11 February 2003, sec. A, p. 1.

Richard Boudreaux and John Hendren, “U.S. Drops Its Bid to Base Troops in Turkey,” Los Angeles Times, 15 March 2003, sec. 1, p. 5.

Neil King Jr. and Jess Bravin, “U.S. May Spurn U.N. Iraq Sanctions,” Wall Street Journal, 5 May 2003, sec. A, p. 3. For US attitudes quoted here, see poll by the Program on International Policy Attitudes (College Park: University of Maryland), 29 April 2003, “Americans on America’s Role in the World After the Iraq War,” a PIPA/Knowledge Networks Poll. Online at: http://www.pipa.org/OnlineReports/PostWarIraq/report_april29.pdf.

For Iraqi attitudes, see Susannah Sirkin, “Baghdad Bombing: What Should We Do Now?,” New York Times, 21 August 2003, sec. A, p. 24. Sirkin, deputy director of Physicians for Human Rights (PHR), cites a PHR poll finding that more than 85 percent wanted the UN to “play the lead role.” Poll findings online at: http://www.phrusa.org/research/iraq/release_091803.html.

A later Gallup poll found that Baghdad residents held France and its President Jacques Chirac “in higher regard” than Bush or Blair: favorability rating was Chirac 42 percent, Bush 29 percent, Blair 20 percent. See Patrick E. Tyler, “In a Poll, Baghdad Residents Call Freedom Worth the Price,” New York Times, 24 September 2003, sec. A, p. 16. The clear implication, unstated, is that although they were naturally delighted to be rid of Saddam Hussein and the murderous sanctions regime (unmentioned), they continued to oppose the invasion.

G. John Ikenberry, “America’s Imperial Ambition,” op. cit. Anatol Lieven, “The Push for War,” London Review of Books 24, no. 19 (3 October 2002). Online at: http://www.lrb.co.uk/v24/n19/liev01_.html.

Samuel P. Huntington, “The Lonely Superpower,” Foreign Affairs 78, no. 2 (March–April 1999): pp. 35ff. Robert Jervis, “Weapons Without Purpose? Nuclear Strategy in the Post-Cold War Era,” Foreign Affairs 80, no. 4 (July–August 2001): pp. 143ff. Jervis online at: http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010701fareviewessay5002/robert-jervis/weapons-without-purpose-nuclear-strategy-in-the-post-cold-war-era.html.

Kenneth Waltz in Ken Booth and Tim Dunne, eds., Worlds in Collision: Terror and the Future of Global Order (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002). Steven Miller in Kaysen et al., War with Iraq, op. cit. Jack Snyder, “Imperial Temptations,” National Interest, no. 71 (spring 2003): pp. 29–40. Selig S. Harrison, interview by Felicia R. Lee, “Q&A: Finding a Way Out with North Korea,” New York Times, 7 June 2003, sec. B, p. 11.

Bernard B. Fall, Last Reflections on a War (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1967).

See my For Reasons of State (New York: Pantheon Books, 1973; New Press 2003), p. 25, for a review of the final material in the Pentagon Papers, which ends at this point.

Maureen Dowd, “Bush Moves to Control War’s Endgame,” New York Times, 23 February 1991, sec. 1, p. 1.

World Economic Forum, “Declining Public Trust Foremost a Leadership Problem,” news release (World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland), 14 January 2003. Online at: http://www.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content/Declining+Public+Trust+Foremost+a+Leadership+Problem. Guy de Jonquières, “US Leaders Score 27% in Global Trust Poll,” Financial Times (London), 15 January 2003, International Economy and the Americas section, p. 3.

Alan Cowell, “World Forum, Back at Davos, Faces Tough Economic Skiing,” New York Times, 23 January 2003, sec. A, p. 3. Mark Landler, “U.S. Role in the World Dominates Economic Talks as Brazilian Clamors to Be Heard,” New York Times, 24 January 2003, sec. A, p. 8. Marc Champion, David Cloud, and Carla Anne Robbins, “Tough Message: At Davos, Powell Pushes Back Against Resistance Over Iraq,” Wall Street Journal, 27 January 2003, sec. A, p. 1.

“Powell on Iraq,” op. cit.

Kaysen et al., War with Iraq, op. cit.

Hans von Sponeck, “Go On, Call Bush’s Bluff,” Guardian (London), 22 July 2002, Leader, p. 13.

Ken Warn, “Canada Fears ‘Biggest Risk to World Peace’ on Its Doorstep,” Financial Times (London), 21 January 2003, Americas section, p. 2. For international polls, see chapter 5 of Hegemony or Survival.

Glenn Kessler and Mike Allen, “The Greater Threat? Around the Globe, People See Bush—Not Hussein—as the Real Enemy,” Washington Post, National Weekly edition, March 3–9, 2003, cover story. Fareed Zakaria, “The Arrogant Empire,” Newsweek 141, no. 12 (24 March 2003): pp. 19ff., US edition, cover story. Online at: http://www.fareedzakaria.com/articles/newsweek/032403.html.

See chapter 1, note 6, op. cit. Woodrow Wilson, “Democracy and Efficiency,” Atlantic Monthly 87, no. 521 (March 1901): pp. 289–99, cited by Ido Oren, Our Enemies and US: America’s Rivalries and the Making of Political Science (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2003): p. 42. Wilson online at: http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABK2934-0087-44.

Bacevich, American Empire, op. cit., pp. 215ff. His emphasis.

John Stuart Mill. See p. 44–45 of Hegemony or Survival. Britain’s attitude toward the nobility of its successor was a bit different; see p. 149 of Hegemony or Survival.

Andrew J. Bacevich, “Culture, Globalization, and U.S. Foreign Policy,” review of Many Globalizations: Cultural Diversity in the Contemporary World, edited by Peter L. Berger and Samuel P. Huntington, and Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress, edited by Lawrence E. Harrison and Samuel P. Huntington, World Policy Journal 19, no. 3 (fall 2002): pp. 77–82. Online at: http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/articles/wpj02-3/bacevich.html.

Michael J. Glennon, “Terrorism and ‘Intentional Ignorance,’” Christian Science Monitor, 20 March 1986, p. 18.

Sebastian Mallaby, “Uneasy Partners,” review of The Clash: A History Of U.S.-Japan Relations, by Walter LaFeber, and Altered States: The United States and Japan Since the Occupation, by Michael Schaller, New York Times, 21 September 1997, sec. 7 (Book Review), p. 34. Michael Mandelbaum, The Ideas That Conquered the World: Peace, Democracy, and Free Markets in the Twenty-First Century (New York: Public Affairs, 2002), p. 95. Senior administration policymaker cited by Thomas L. Friedman, “A New U.S. Problem: Freely Elected Tyrants,” New York Times, 12 January 1992, sec. 4, p. 3.

Max Boot, “A War for Oil? Not This Time,” New York Times,